Teen Suicide The Most Prized Award Winner - 842 Words

Teenage Suicide As an exceptional athlete, the most prized academic award winner, a proud brother and a loving son: recently a student of Northern California attempted Suicide. But why? He had it all. He had the grades, the athletic skills, the trophy the popularity, what made him so unhappy? Unfortunately this was based on his ethnicity, which so happened to be Hispanic. A minority student in a community that prided himself on the absence of over racial conflict. The racism of his peers had been very well hidden until his presence. It surfaced, and he lost his center.... Teen suicide has been gradually increasing over the past decade throughout our entire nation. The best and most efficient way to prevent teen suicide is to inform people of its existing threat and to teach people to look for warning signs. Teen suicide is an important issue because it threatens a myriad of lives that have so much great potential. To assist you in understanding the severity of this current issue, i will provide the following statistics about teen suicide, relations and examples, warning signs, and causes. Periods of anxiety or depression during adolescence are common and can be normal scientific reactions to loss or under unbearable amounts of stress. (quiet like the two romantic charact ers: Romeo and Juliet, of the book/Movie Romeo and Juliet) . But as teen s ability to think in abstract terms increase, so does the likelihood that he or she will reflect on many issues including theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Fall of Asclepius95354 Words   |  382 Pagesour understanding! Geez, there were many names given to these undead. Some called them demons, others called them lost souls. With all these names, I found only one that was truly worthy; Zombies. It was a simple word. At the same time it was the most complicated word to enter any human language. I mean just think about it... You say that word to anyone before the outbreak and what would they think of? They would, think of those horror movies or comic books where, for no reason what so ever, zombiesRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesthe Introduction. Based on the positive feedback we’ve received from teachers and students we can state with confidence that the form of active learning pioneered in this book is a proven pedagogy for management skill mastery. Tips for Getting the Most Out of This Course Whether you are an undergraduate or MBA student, or an experienced manager, based on our years of teaching management skills here are some suggestions for making this course a personally meaningful learning experience. †¢ Read theRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesThis online teaching and learning environment integrates the entire digital textbook with the most effective instructor and student resources With WileyPLUS: Students achieve concept mastery in a rich, structured environment that’s available 24/7 Instructors personalize and manage their course more effectively with assessment, assignments, grade tracking, and more manage time better study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visualRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesAmerican economy that is consumer-driven. Therefore, as companies again go back to the business basics, this is a reminder of the most fundamental of those basics: Company managers need to recognize that a business’s income comes from its customers, not from Wall Street. NEW LEADERSHIP AND NEW MANAGEMENT MODELS ARE REQUIRED TO MEET THE BREADTH OF NEW CUSTOMER DEMANDS Most management leaders fully understand that the one certainty in the volcanic twenty-first-century economy is that the terrain on

Not Just A Game The Impact Of Sports On U.s. Economy

It is undeniable that in today s society, the sports industry is booming and has become more and more successful within the past sixty years. With the average professional athletes income soaring to higher levels, most visibly in sports such as football, basketball, and baseball, it is easy to see that American citizens are more than obsessed with sports. Basis for this paper is based off of one particular online article titled, â€Å"Not Just a Game: The Impact of Sports on U.S. Economy†. A brief summary of this particular article will follow this introduction. Although I do agree with the main premiss of this article, there are a few points which do need to be questioned. With this continuously growing obsession of the sports†¦show more content†¦This article starts out by stating that the sports industry generates roughly $14.3 billion in earnings a year EXCLUDING the huge amount of indirect earning accumulated on Super Bowl Sunday which has the second most a mount of food consumed in one day (behind Thanksgiving) and provides 456,000 jobs with the average salary being $39,000. Next, it is examined how the sports industry has so much power in the United State s economy today. Fifteen industries with at least 10,000 jobs were analyzed since there is not a designated sports sector, and six main sports jobs (only spectator sports not hunting, fishing etc.). A table is then presented showing how many people are employed in each of the 15 industries, the percent of occupation in each job group, and the percentage of total jobs in each. Effect on earnings is then briefly discussed and shown on a pie chart showing that initial, or the sports workers salaries accounts for $10.3 billion, direct which is the purchase of supplies needed such as uniforms and shoes and accounts for $2.6 billion, then indirect which supplies the direct supply chain which accounts for $1.4 billion. Last, occupation growth and Industry patters are talked about us ing nearly nothing but different graphs and charts. It is also stated that

Discuss the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Movie Ma Vie En Rose Free Essays

Human societies all over the world believe in gender identities and expect an individual to behave in accordance to the rules of gender, laid by the society. When a person defies these rules, the society reacts negatively and compels the person to alter his/her behavior. The conflicts that arise between the society and the person struggling with his/her sexual identity are depicted in the movie Ma Vie En Rose (My Life in Pink), directed by Alain Berliner. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Movie Ma Vie En Rose or any similar topic only for you Order Now The protagonist of the movie is a seven year old boy, Ludovic who believes that he is a girl and behaves like one. The family members of Ludovic and the neighbors are the secondary characters in the movie. The theme of the movie states that defying one’s sexual identity and behaving like the opposite sex is not an anomalous behavior, the society should realize this and accept the person as he/she is. The movie presents a touching portrayal of the dilemmas faced by Ludovic and his family members, owing to the manner in which Ludovic exhibits his sexual identify. But the film lacks in one aspect, for it fails to provide any insights regarding Ludovic’s future in a society bound by its rules. Strengths The movie focuses on the innocent world of a boy who believes that he is destined to be a woman when he grows up. Ludovic dresses and acts like a girl, and this behavior of Ludovic astounds his family members and the neighbors. Ludovic is advised by his family members to give up his unusual thoughts and act like a boy but Ludovic refuses to listen to them. Being a seven year old boy, he fails to understand the consequences of his actions. The dilemma of the parents who discover that their child is different from other children is very well captured in the movie. The fear that they will be alienated from their society if they accepted Ludovic’s sexual identity disturbs Ludovic’s parents to such an extent that they ignore the feelings their own son. Ludovic’s parents are torn between the love for their son and the expectations of the neighbors. â€Å"They love their son, but don’t know how to (or whether they should) break him of his feminine obsession. The resulting stress tears at the fabric of their marriage, and their disapproval threatens to destroy Ludovic. † (Berardinelli). Instead of accepting their child as he is, Ludovic’s parents attempt to alter his thoughts regarding his sexual identity. Ludovic’s persistence in his views about his sexual identity, lead to anxiety and stress for his parents. The conservative thinking of adults is incapable of understanding Ludovic’s state of mind. The pain and anguish faced by Ludovic’s parents is very well depicted in the movie along with the confusion that prevails in Ludovic’s mind regarding the harsh reactions of the society and family towards the expression of his sexual identity. Weakness The movie brings forth the responses of a family and society when they realize that Ludovic is crossing the lines of sexual identity, which are drawn by the society. But it fails to comment on the future of an individual whose sexual identity differs from the notion of sexual identity held by the society. Ludovic’s dilemmas are resolved for the time being when his parents accept his feminine sexual identity. As Ludovic and his parents have moved in a new locality, Ludovic is also saved from the contempt of his old neighbors. The new neighbors understand Ludovic’s feelings and provide him with the freedom to act according to his desires. But what will happen when he grows up and enters the adult world? Will he be accepted by the society at that time? Or will he face criticism for being different from the other members of the society? Can a child like Ludovic overcome the obstacles placed by society in his life and emerge as a winner? The movie fails to answer these questions. The problems that Ludovic will face as an adult are not included in the movie, which leaves the future of Ludovic ambiguous. Conclusion The movie Ma Vie en Rose (My Life in Pink) comments on the expectations of the society regarding the expression of sexual identity by an individual. It brings forth the reaction of the society when a person flouts those expectations and follows his/her own sexual identity. Ludovic’s struggle against his parents and society, points towards the rigidity of the people who aim to deprive a human being from the freedom of expression of sexual identity of his/her preference. The circumstances in which Ludovic is placed by his parents and society present the influence of conservative thinking on the society. How to cite Discuss the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Movie Ma Vie En Rose, Papers

Competition Between Tourism Distribution Systems - myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about the Competition Between Tourism Distribution Systems. Answer: Introduction Tourism industry plays a vital role in the growth and development of nations GDP and therefore the sector presents great opportunities for investment for both the government and the private sector. The travel and tourism industry has indeed become a major source of wealth creation for many nations and due to this fact it has attracted the interest of many investors both from the government sector as well as the private sectors (Weidenfeld et al., 2014). As a result of this, the industry has grown its competitive nature and especially between the government and the private investors with the industry encouraging the partnerships or the involvement of the two sectors in the growth and development of sustainable tourism business. One of the salient features of the industry has been the tourism distribution systems which have been developed to enhance the operations of the industry in service provision. Both the private sector and the government or the public sectors have therefore inves ted in the development of tourism distribution systems or channels a move that has increased competition in the industry. This essay, therefore, seeks to analyze competition between government and the private sector within the Tourism Distribution Systems. A brief understanding of Tourism Distribution Systems Tourism distribution systems can be understood as an operating structure, a linkage or a system of a number of combinations of an organization or industry, through which a company product describes, sells or even confirms a travel arrangement to the buyer (Li et al., 2015). It can therefore be seen as an approach or strategy developed by the tourism industry to offer an online platform in tourism distribution and technology systems that connects different customers or clients in the industry, websites, and tourism operators as well as travel agents to a wider range of tourism travel products and their packages using the distribution and technology systems. The development of the tourism distribution systems was due to the fact that internet has become a very powerful marketing tool in business development and has been found to increase the scope and reach of consumers as well as facilitating them to make choices from hundreds of options or even research destinations the system offers consumers and corporate buyers or clients and customers access to different offers made by the suppliers and therefore supports the argument that distribution indeed has become a critical aspect in enhancing the ability of the tourism industry to achieve its profitability goals or levels and market share (Shi Li, 2014). The system supports the industry to offers aimed at their clients by other companies as well as provide a basis for competition among the service providers in the sector or even the suppliers and therefore enables their clients or customer both potential and existing one to compare offers from a wide variety of suppliers (Frew Williams, 2 014). Therefore the development of the tourism distribution system is important in the tourism industry since these companies or the key players in the industry deal with services which are in most cases intangible, perishable and also because the industries or companies operate globally. Competition between the government and the private sector within the tourism distribution system Competition in an industry between different sectors can either be advantageous to the growth of the industry or even have a negative impact on the growth of the industry. Competition in the Tourism industry has continually increased due to the growth of the industry and its ability to create wealth for the nation (BADER, 2017). The productivity of the industry and the returns on investment has increased leading to many investors investing heavily in the industry. Service provision is seen as the heart of the industry and therefore competition in the industry has been focused on customer service delivery and ability to maintain rapport with different clients. Client or customer satisfaction has been the industry core challenge due to the changing tastes and preferences of consumers as well as the existence of many players unlike before when the industry was dominated by the government agencies alone and tourism was only seen as revenue collection opportunity for the government (de Ca rlos et al., 2016). However, with increased privatization, the government has been able to allow the private sector to venture into the industry and has, in turn, led to increased competition which has greatly influenced the success of the industry in terms of service provision. The development of the tourism distribution system was a competitive strategy to enhance the performance of the industry through increased and improved service delivery. Therefore one of the major competition areas between the government and the private sector in the development of the distribution systems was in the area of provision and financing of tourism infrastructure or in the financing of the development of the distribution systems (Dziuba, 2016). The public sector has been reluctant in adopting innovative techniques and sometimes the budgeting off such a measure takes a very long time before implementation and therefore faces competition from the private sectors that are always opportunistic in taking chances which will give them a competitive advantage in the industry. Therefore the private sector has greatly developed its tourism distribution systems through the development of websites which are customized to meet specific consumer needs. The government or the public secto r has lagged behind in adoption and implementation of the effective supportive structures which will improve the existing distribution channels whereby the public sector has been relying on the use of the travel agents and therefore calls for improvement as these travel agents may not be effective enough in meeting the demands of their consumers (Ivanova, 2017). The private sector has greatly invested in the development of tourism infrastructure through the establishment of customer or client-centered mechanisms which a diversified into different consumers interests and others to the targeted consumers. As much as the government or the public sector has equally invested in the industry in the development of the appropriate structures the private sector has been more dynamic and diversified which has enabled them to become serious competitors to the public sector. Competition on the Tourism industry between the government and the private sectors has also increased due to abilities of the sectors to innovate new products and services which will help them attract more customers through their online platforms (Akura et al., 2015). The private sector has invested more in new innovation in the industry by coming up with strategies which will help the companies meet the existing market gaps in the industry. They have improved their websites by customizing them and allowing a display of their offers where the consumers of clients can have a look at them and compare with those of other companies. In this way, they can determine or evaluate what other companies are offering and innovate products and services which will give them a competitive advantage in the industry. On the other hand, the public sector has lagged behind in adopting innovation through the use of improved and advanced technology (Coshall et al., 2015). They are still using the travel agents and tours and have over-relied on them and in their capacity to offer quality services to the tourist. Lack of innovative power by the public sector in the tourism industry has made their services so common to the tourists who have different tastes and preferences and therefore they keep demanding for more quality services (Mehdi, 2017). However despite the competition occurring in the industry both the private sector and the public sector are encouraged to partner together in improving the tourism distribution systems. This will help in promoting fair competition in the industry which is healthy for the industry. This is because both the private firms as well as the government bring or ad distinct advantages in the development of the tourism industry. Conclusion Tourism distribution systems, therefore, play a very important role in growth and development of the tourism industry. A healthy competition in the industry between the public and the private sectors is encouraged. Both the sectors should partner together in developing systems which will help in improving service provision in the industry which will lead to increased profitability of the private sector as well as increased GDP on the side of the government (Desai Eric, 2015). An effective tourism distribution system will, therefore, influence the behavior of customers positively towards the company tourism products and therefore determines the ability of the industry to respond to customer or consumer requests efficiently. The system should be simple to use and able to meet the demands and concerns of the both prospective and existing consumers of their services. The system should promote effective online interactions with the consumers and the company. Competition should, therefore , be fair to the government and the private sectors so that the tourism industry can grow and improve in terms of service provision. References Akura, M. T., Ozdemir, Z. D., Rahman, M. S. (2015). Online Intermediary as a Channel for Selling Quality-Differentiated Services. Decision Sciences, 46(1), 37-62. doi:10.1111/deci.12116 BADER, S. (2017). A New Concept in Promoting Tourism: Thematic Evenings. Journal Of Media Research, 10(2), 146-156. doi:10.24193/jmr.28.10 Coshall, J., Charlesworth, R., Page, S. J. (2015). Seasonality of Overseas Tourism Demand in Scotland: A Regional Analysis. Regional Studies, 49(10), 1603-1620. doi:10.1080/00343404.2013.859666 de Carlos, P., Arajo, N., Fraiz, J. A. (2016). THE NEW INTERMEDIARIES OF TOURIST DISTRIBUTION: ANALYSIS OF ONLINE ACCOMMODATION BOOKING SITES. International Journal Of Management Science Technology Information, (19), 39-58. Desai, V., Eric, P. (2015). TREND AND IMPACT ANALYSIS OF THE REVIEW PORTALS ON THE TRAVEL AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY. Scholedge International Journal Of Business Policy Governance, 2(3), 23-27 Dziuba, R. (2016). Sustainable Development of Tourism - EU Ecolabel Standards Illustrated Using the Example of Poland. Comparative Economic Research, 19(2), 111-128. doi:10.1515/cer-2016-0016 Frew, E. A., Williams, K. M. (2014). Dancesport in Australia: sport tourists' behaviour and patterns. Managing Leisure, 19(3), 171-187. Ivanova, P. (2017). A CONTEMPORARY OVERVIEW OF THE APPLICATION OF COLLABORATIVE CONSUMPTION IN TOURISM. Business Management / Biznes Upravlenie, (2), 73-86 Li, J., Zhang, W., Xu, H., Jiang, J. (2015). Dynamic Competition and Cooperation of Road Infrastructure Investment of Multiple Tourism Destinations: A Case Study of Xidi and Hongcun World Cultural Heritage. Discrete Dynamics In Nature Society, 20151-10. doi:10.1155/2015/962028 Mehdi, S. A. (2017). Sustainable Supply Chain Management in Pithoragarh: Prospects of Rural Tourism. IUP Journal Of Supply Chain Management, 14(1), 16-31. Shi, H., Li, C. (2014). Tourism Promotion, Increasing Returns and Domestic Welfare. World Economy, 37(7), 995-1015. doi:10.1111/twec.12084 Weidenfeld, A., Williams, A. M., Butler, R. W. (2014). Spatial competition and agglomeration in the visitor attraction sector. Service Industries Journal, 34(3), 175-195. doi:10.1080/02642069.2013.778251

Humanities chp 10-12 Flashcard

Humanities chp 10-12

Gender In As You Like It Essays - British Films, Jackets, Rosalind

Gender In As You Like It Essays - British Films, Jackets, Rosalind Gender in "As You Like It" Many characters undergo a change in William Shakespeare?s play, As You Like It. Duke Senior goes from being a member of a court to being a member of a forest. Orlando changes from a bitter younger brother to a love-sick young man. But the most obvious transformation undergone, is done by Rosalind. Her change from woman to man, not only alters her mood, candor, and gender, but allows her to be the master of ceremonies. Celia and Rosalind are fairly happy in the court of Celia?s father, Duke Frederick. However, much to her surprise, the Duke banishes Rosalind from his court. Celia, not allowing her beloved cousin to "go it alone", decides to accompany her to where ever she may roam. They decide to search out Rosalind?s father, Duke Senior, in the forest of Arden. Before they depart, Rosalind decides that for both her and Celia?s safety, she will dress herself as a man, saying, "Were it not better, Because that I am more than common tall, That I did suit me all points like a man? A gallant curtal ax upon my thigh, A boar spear in my hand, and- in my hear Lie there what hidden woman?s fear there will- We?ll have a swashing and a martial outside, As many other mannish cowards have That do outface it with their semblances. (1:3 ll. 112-120) At first glance, this transformation is a mere change of clothes and the addition of weapons, but it goes much deeper. To Rosalind, the taking on of a man?s appearance requires certain things. She believes that while dressed as a man, she cannot bring shame to the image of a man. A good example of this is in Act 2, Scene 4, where she says, "I could find in my heart to disgrace my man?s/ apparel and to cry like a woman; but I must comfort/ the weaker vessel, as doublet and hose ought to show/ itself courageous to petticoat. (ll. 4-7). This is not the only time she mentions a doublet and hose. It seems almost that the doublet and hose are the actual source of strength for a man, as in the next example when Rosalind is begging Celia for an answer, saying, "Good my complexion! Dost thou think,/ though I am caparisoned like a man, I have a doublet/ and hose in my disposition?" (3:2, ll.191-193).

Twelve O'Clock High a Position Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Twelve O'Clock High a Position Paper - Essay Example Therefore, everyone is viewed as a potential leader and in trained as such. Even those who are in a leadership position currently will not always be in that position, so individuals must be able to move between the two roles quite readily. Also, once a leader begins to lose his edge and his results begin to suffer, he will be replaced. This is because since there are lives at stake, a leader cannot afford to lose the confidence of his soldiers. There is no time for loyalty towards a formerly good leader because people will die if a leader loses his effectiveness. The Army should keep the status quo in its quest to find good leadership because there is the potential for everyone to be a good leader at some point and also leaders who are not getting the desired results should not be permitted to lead in the long term. The first thing that a leader in the Army must remember is to Be. This means that this individual must hold the qualities that are becoming of a true leader. Leaders should be people who are honest, competent, and inspiring, as â€Å"Army leadership begins with what the leader must Be, the values and attributes that shape a leaders character† (Cavanagh et al, 2004, P. 9). This is because a true leader is someone who people wish to follow. If the leader does not have the values and attributes that other would wish to follow, then the leader will not be very successful. This can be applied to civilian life as well. If a manager at a store does not appear to be a very good leader, the staff will lose respect for this person and, therefore, will not follow him or her. This will cause the store as a whole to under-perform, which will negatively affect the store’s bottom line. The leader in every situation must truly â€Å"Be† a leader who people want to follow and wh o people believe in. If he or she is not, then the organization as a whole will not succeed. An example of this can be found in the film and

Monastic Buddhism in South East Asia Research Paper

Monastic Buddhism in South East Asia - Research Paper Example Within a modern context, Buddhism may be divided into two separate schools which are known as Theravada, also known as ‘Southern’, Buddhism and Mahayana, which is called ‘Northern’, Buddhism. Theravada is the main tradition within Sri Lanka and it is thought that this country has had the most ancient incessant history of Buddhism. (Kapstein, 1087) Mahayana, on the other hand, is the leading Buddhist tradition found in Tibet and, although the geneses of this tradition are debatable, it is a diverse and varying tradition from that of the Theravada. (Jones, 121) The Theravada and Mahayana Buddhist conventions share ordinary viewpoints such as the Four Noble Truths, the Eightfold Path and Dependent Origination. Other similarities include similar principles such as Anicca, Dukkha, Annata, Sila, Samadhi, and Panna. In addition to this, the two traditions also share a rejection of the notion of a supreme creator. However, Theravada and Mahayana differ on some impor tant aspects such as the final goal of practice and their perspective on the notion of Buddha-nature as well as other doctrinal differences. There are neither rites of passage nor a special ceremony in becoming Buddhist. There is a long process of disciplinary training and education given to those seeking to become a monk (Bhikkhu). Anyone seeking to become a Bhikkhu is known as a novice. ... ly and no other monks has any objection to the given answers, this person is acknowledged into the Sangha, the monk community, and in this way, their training commences. Southeast Asian Countries and Monastic Education According to historical findings, Thaton was an operational port of call on the course between India and other prominent countries of southeastern Asia. From religious perspective, missionaries happened to come regularly from the eminent mission training centers of Conjeeveram and Amaravati and proceeded on from there to Cambodia, Thailand, and Java. At that time, though, these missionaries were Theravada Buddhists and the region around Thaton remained Theravada, it should be kept in mind that side by side with the stretch of Theravada, there was also a tough Mahayana movement from China, Malaya, Cambodia, and northern India. When King Anawrahta controlled to the throne in Pagan in northern Myanmar, he was not happy with the religious practice of his people, which was a weird combination of Tantrism, Mahayana, and Hinduism. So, when he held meeting the Arahat Shin Arahan and came to know about the simple yet reflective teaching of the Theravada, he was instantly converted and requested the Arahat to stay at Pagan for the establishment of the Dhamma. At Arahan's suggestion, King Anawrahta asked the king of Thaton for some relics and copies of the Tipitaka, and when he was refused, he attacked and occupied Thaton and brought to Pagan all the relics and copies of the Tipitaka as well as a large number of monks to sermonize the Dhamma. He ruled over most of Myanmar, established communications with the Buddhists of Ceylon, and started a great building program at Pagan which continued for two centuries until the country was overrun by the armies of Kublai

Strategic Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic Plan - Research Paper Example As the consumer demands are ever changing, this industry has also constantly evolved over the years. Emergence of new entrants and constant innovation by the existing firms in this industry has induced tough competition. Companies are now planning strategies to increase the sustainability of their organization’s growth. The present report aims to identify the business drivers of Wal-Mart retailer and prepare an effective strategic plan for future growth and development. Company description Wal-Mart is the largest corporation in the world. It is also the biggest private employer in the United States of America (Yoffie & Wang, 2002). However, the company was first established as a self-service discount store by Sam Walton, in the year 1962. At the end of 1993, Wal-Mart was one of the top discount departmental stores in the world. The company is headquartered at Bentonville, Arkansas, United States. The company has established more than 8500 stores across the globe. Product portf olio of the company includes, apparel, warehouse club, footwear specialty, cash & carry, supercenter, superstore, discount store, hypermarket, supermarket. Wal-Mart resource and capabilities The brand name of Wal-Mart has become synonymous to value for money over the course of time. Wal-Mart follows a low cost and leadership strategy (Johnson & Scholes, 1999). Macroscopic view of Wal-Mart’s competitive strategy shows that the company uses resource based model in order to develop a value chain proposition which cannot be matched by competitors. Though Wal-Mart shows little adaptability to its formats in overseas expansions, most of its store operations are leaders in their local areas (Colla & Dupuis, 2002). The fundamental principles followed by the company are providing everyday low prices, commit to customer service and maintain technological superiority and establishing loyalty among suppliers and associates. Supermarkets of Wal-Mart in international location have less fin ancial risk due to bulk sales. About 10 billion dollars are saved by the American customers by shopping at Wal-Mart (Buffet, 2003). Competitive advantage for Wal-Mart lies in its ability of cost differentiation and strong distribution channel across the globe (Van Weele, 2009). Current direction Global economy is decelerating due to various reasons such as Euro zone crisis and economic recession which started in the year 2008. Retailers such as Marks & Spencer, John Lewis, Target, Wal-Mart, Kohl and others are struggling to maintain sales growth while other retail players such as Nordstrom, Saks and Neiman Marcus have recorded same store sales growth of 12% last year (Arnold, 2002). Global retailers are facing following trends to change the dynamics of business operation. This has compelled organizations like Wal-Mart to make strategic plan in order to remain profitable and competitive in this dynamic market (Simon et al., 2011). The objective of the current strategic direction will be to evaluate the resources and capabilities of the retail gain and make appropriate recommendations for future planning. SWOT Analysis In order to understand the internal and external strengths and weaknesses, a SWOT analysis of Wal-Mart has been done. Strengths With revenue of more than 400 million dollars, Wal-Mart is undoubtedly one of the largest retailers in the world. As a result of large operational scale, the company can exercises strong power on suppliers in order to

New Zealand Healthcare Organisations

New Zealand Healthcare Organisations Introduction Health care in New Zealand is affected by a number of factors that determine the trends and demands in terms of health. How the health workers plan for, implement and evaluate health interventions greatly depends on some environmental factors, attitudinal factors, international health policy and New Zealand campaigns and policy. In this paper, these determinants and their impact, whether direct or indirect, positive or negative, on the New Zealand healthcare will be thoroughly discussed. This paper also aims to tackle the role that organisations take part in promoting health care services and each of them playing different roles in determining the supply and demand of health care services. We will also compare the obstacles that exist in the New Zealand healthcare system to that of the United States of America’s. This will be done by assessing these countries in terms of safety issues, geographical, cultural, socioeconomic and organizational barriers. 1. Environmental determinants: 1.1 Demographic distribution of populations Presently, New Zealand became a multi diverse and more culturally nation. According to Statistics New Zealand, Population Statistics Units, the number of migrants coming into the country is increasing. The study conducted last 2006 focused on five (5) major ethnicity group with the estimation of total number of individual/ group living in the country. These were the European people including the New Zealander (67%), Maori (15%), Pacific people (7%), Asian (9%) and Middle Eastern/Latin American/African (1%). (Population Estimates at 30 June 1996, 2001 and 2006, 2014). New Zealand has an ageing population. This pattern shows a decline in fertility rate (birth control is properly utilised and easily available) and increase in length of life (on-going research and new technologies used in treating diseases). Moreover, there is also a projection in increase number of aged people on the year 2031. People on 65 years and above mostly suffer from a chronic diseases that result decline on the quality of their life. As a result of this, demand for disability and health care services will also rise. (An Ageing Population, 2014). Maori and Pacific people have a younger age group as compare to European people because they have increase number of birth and death rates. The latter group prefer to have lesser number of children. Asian people also have young structure population because most of them settled in New Zealand with their family at early age. (An Ageing Population, 2014). In China, there is a law known as â€Å"one child policy† to control the increasing population of the country which can result in increased sustainability of every family. 1.2 Social Generally, population of New Zealand have been experiencing increase in living standards. Factors contributed on this were increase in employment status, high educational attainment, safe living and working environment and awareness of the healthcare services available in the community. (Dew Davis, 2005). Poor household income is the top reason of being susceptible to poor health. Among all the groups residing in New Zealand, Maori and Pacific communities usually live in a small and crowded housing environment because of lower costs and the culture of extended families. As an outcome, there will be an increase cases of communicable diseases and mental health illnesses. (Dew Davis, 2005). Moreover, these group of people have the highest number of cases of cardiovascular problems, respiratory diseases and Cancer which is associated with poor eating habit (commercialised food), insufficient physical activities, heavy alcohol intake and smoking practice (roll-your-own cigarette). (The Health of New Zealand Adult 2011/12, 2012). 1.3 Cultural New Zealand is mainly a bicultural country which consists of white-skin settlers â€Å"Pakeha† and native people, the Maori. The relationship of these two groups started upon signing of Treaty of Waitangi between Queen Victoria and indigenous Maori people. (Shaw Deed, Health Environment in Aotearoa/ New Zeland, 2010). This became the foundation of Maori health acknowledging the principles of Partnership, Participation and Protection. (The Treaty of Waitangi , 2005). In providing healthcare services to Maori people, it is important to involve their whanau in formulating plan of care and refer them specifically to the Maori health team to address the language barrier which proved to be one of the reasons why they are hesitant to consult their health concerns to the a non-Maori health practitioner. Maori and Pacific group practise bed sharing room when raising their children because they believe that it is a way of building strong relationship and protecting their child on emergency situation such as SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome). In contrast, Western people do not agree on this belief and for them independence and autonomy are the best outcome of having an individualised room. 1.4 Political In New Zealand, the healthcare delivery system is made up of numbers of policies and legislations that promotes quality care for all its population. Its government provides strategies to have a better health status for Maori and Non-Maori people living in the country. These includes New Zealand Health Strategy (NZHS) and New Zealand Disability Strategy (NZDS). The aims of these organizations are to decrease inequalities among its residents and communities and to improve coordination in both public and private sectors. (Statutory Framework, 2011) The New Zealand Health and Disability Strategy focuses on the primary health care which covers both promotion and prevention of the occurrence of diseases. For instance, Ministry of Health conducted campaign regarding smoking cessation and the government projected that by the year 2025, there will be no cases of smoking in the country. Preventive measures are also given to the public by means of providing support groups, counselling and reading materials. Furthermore, during the 1990, the government promulgated the Smoke-free Environments Act in New Zealand. (Smoke-free Environments Act, 2005). 1.5 Religious Maori view of good health is associated with their spiritual beliefs (wairuataga). When someone is ill, they conduct a ritual performed by tohunga also known as shamans or priests. (Shaw Deed, Health Environment in Aotearoa/ New Zeland, 2010). Same with Muslim people, they also believe that â€Å"Allah† is the one who decide on their health condition and the great healer of their sickness. Catholic group believe that genital mutilation is essential for male individual just like what Jesus Christ did in the past. In United States of America, 6 to 7 out of 10 new born babies are circumcised defending on the spiritual and cultural orientation of the family. According to this group, this procedure can lower the cases of diseases like meatitis (inflammation of the opening of the penis), urinary tract infection and sexually transmitted illness. (Circumcision: Medical Pros and Cons, 2012). On the other hand, European people generally do not engage themselves on circumcision because they believe of it is of no significance, scientifically and spiritually. Jehovah’s Witness people refuse blood transfusion because they believe that receiving blood is prohibited since it was scripted in the bible. 1.6 Values and Ethics According to Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 25, everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and his family including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old-age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control. Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same protection. (Preamble, 2013). In view of the above, there are numbers of legislations that support the right of each individual in the access of healthcare services available in New Zealand. For example, the New Zealand Public Health and Disability Act 2000 (PHDA) provides a clear framework in improving, promoting and protecting health and well-being of its people. This law is further supported by the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 and Human Rights Act 1993 that deals with the discrimination of both public and private sectors. (Human Rights Legislation, 2008). Ethical values of these rights pertain to the individual equality that makes every people of New Zealand satisfied in regards to the healthcare services. There are studies of health that gender may contribute to the understanding of the factors and outcomes of inequalities. For instance, there are special needs for both men and women during treatment and rehabilitation after surgery or disability. (Shaw, White, Deed, Health, Wellbeing Environment in Aotearoa New Zealand, 2013). 1.7 Traditions Maori people believe on a traditional way of maintaining a good health and preventing illness. This holistic approach is called Te Whara Tapa Wha which ensures balance of four (4) important aspects of their health; the Te taha wairau (spiritual), Tet aha hinengaro (mind), Te taha tinana (physical) and Tet aha whanau (family). (Shaw Deed, Health Environment in Aotearoa/ New Zeland, 2010). This native people also practise the traditional way of healing through massage (Mirimiri) and herbal treatment (Rongoa). These group also believe that natural environment like forest has a therapeutic effect on their well-being. In addition, Asian countries like China and Philippines also believe in traditional healers and use medicinal plants in treating sickness. 2. Attitudinal determinants: Public attitudes 2.1 Concepts of health Public health refers to systematic measures to prevent disease, promotion of health, and prolonging life among the entire population. The public concept of what illness is the way people perceive their symptom is largely influenced by his or her cultural background which in turn influence how the person reacts. According to World Health Organisation, health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well- being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. (WHO definition of Health , 2003). As defined by Oxford English Dictionary, it is the state of being free from sickness, injury, disease, bodily conditions; indicating good bodily condition. (Definition and concepts of health, n.d.). In the view of Rene Dubos, health is the state of health or disease are the expressions of the success or failure experienced by the organism in its efforts to respond adaptively to environmental changes. (Health , 2004). 2.2 Concepts of illness The Public Concept of Illness There are two factors that determine the attitude of public towards illness; socio economic factor and cultural factor, these factors play an integral role in how a certain person reacts to his health condition. According to the World Health Organization socio economic status can greatly affect the quality of life, people living in a low socio economic quality leads to poor health practices of the people and access to quality health services is limited. Cultural beliefs are believed to be vital for peoples well-being and dignity and cultural beliefs dictate the vast majority of our effort to maintain our state of total well-being. According to Susser, illness is a subjective sense of feeling unwell; illness does not define a specific pathology but refers to person’s subjective experience of it such as discomfort, tiredness and/or general malaise. (Illness, Sickness and Disease, n.d.). As described by Kozier, it is a highly personal state in which the person’s physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental and spiritual functioning is thought to be diminished. (Kozier, Erb, Glenora, Berman, Snyder, 2004). 2.3 The importance the public put on health Most people think that promoting health and wellness is better than curing disease. In achieving the quality of life, most New Zealanders choose to live a healthy lifestyle by eating nutritious food, adequate exercise and a work-life balance. Through this, the impact of the media and technology has influenced the importance of maintaining a better life. (Shaw Deed, Health Environment in Aotearoa/ New Zeland, 2010). Presently, people do not encourage artificial way of food consumption such as microwavable, processed and commercialised food because they are now into natural and organic process. Although, organic food is more expensive than ordinary food but the nutritional value is more likely. In addition, people engage themselves on active campaigns such as marathon, walkathon, swimming and cycling that help them to remain fit and healthy. 2.4 Public attitudes towards health and medical professionals Generally, medical professionals are treated with respect and regarded highly by the public. They are looked up to and considered lifesavers. With the Ministry of Health’s goal to extend and improve the New Zealander’s quality of life, awareness on health and health care delivery system is increased, causing the people (Maori and Pakeha alike) to demand more of the health care services. However, there are still disparities in the attitudes of the Maori and Non-Maori, as well as in their health. This represent the fact that Maori health rights are not being protected as guaranteed under the treaty and that the social, cultural, economic and political factors indicate a widening gap between Maori and non-Maori (Ellison-Loschmann, 2006). Maori still have apprehensions in getting medical consultation or health care services because of their culture and traditions and health illiteracy. They still view health problems in the spiritual realm as punishments for their sins. Some of them don’t understand that these are consequences of bad health habits. They are also adamant to get health care services from Maori health workers. However, as the importance of health is promoted by the government, the gap between the attitudes of the Maori and non-Maori may be closed soon. 3. The influence of International health policy on healthcare of New Zealand Globally the demand for attention in certain areas in health care necessitates the formulation of international health policy; the creation of Millennium Development Goals (MDG) primarily aims for logical global health policy. Global decision makers can greatly influence and shape how New Zealand prioritizes the needs of reform or how to address particular health problem of the community. (UNDP, 2013). Millennium Development Goals has been created to create has eight key areas 1. Eradication of extreme poverty and hunger, 2. Achieve universal primary education, 3. Promote gender equality and empower women, 4. Reduce child mortality, 5. Improve maternal health, 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases, 7. Ensure environmental sustainability, 8. Develop a global partnership for development. The influence of international health policy to New Zealand health sector is evident through its policy prescriptions on the above mentioned eight (8) key areas. Goal number 8 sets objectives to the developed countries like New Zealand to extend relief to underdeveloped countries. (Parliament, 2011). According to New Zealand Parliament over half of New Zealand’s official development assistance (ODA) goes to the pacific region, approximately 71% of the 2011/2012 country programme expenditure is allocated to eight countries: Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, Vanuatu, Tonga, Cook Islands, Tokelau and Samoa. The participation of New Zealand in achieving MDG number 8 by extending aide to the Pacific region illustrate that New Zealand has contributed in achieving best possible health to its neighbouring countries.

The Gap Inc Essays -- Business and Management Studies

The Gap Inc 1. Case Summary The Gap, Inc is a chain of retail stores that sell casual apparel, shoes, and accessories for men, woman and children. Headquarter in San Francisco; the stores operate under a variety of names including: Gap, Banana Republic, Old Navy Clothing Company, Gap Kids, and baby Gap. All merchandise sold by chain is private label. The Gap was founded in 1969 when Donald Fisher and his wife, Doris opened a small clothing store near San Francisco State University. By 1971 they were operating six Gap stores. In 1995, Fisher retired as CEO and Drexler, now age 50, took over the title. The Gap contracted with over 500 manufacturers around the world that made the companies private label apparel according to Gap specifications. Gap, Inc purchased about 30 % of its cloth from manufacturer located in United State and 70% from vendor located in 46 foreign countries. No single supplier provided more than 5 % of its merchandise. In the wake of concern over third world working conditions, the Gap also adopted a set of sourcing principle and guideline. This provide standard that the vendors had to meet including: engage in no form of discrimination, used no forced or prison labor, employee no children under 14 years of age, provide a safe working environment for employees, pay the legal minimum weight of the local industry standard- whichever is greater. The Gap’s supplier should also meet all applicable local environmental regulation, and comply with the Gap own more stringent environmental standards, neither threaten nor penalize employees for their efforts to organize or bargain collectively and uphold local custom laws. To ensure compliance with its standards, the Gap sends a Gap Field Representative to conduct in-depth interview with a prospective supplier prior to the initiation of a business relationship. The Gap supplier in Salvador, run by Mandarin International, Taiwanese-owned Company that operated apparel assembly plants around the world. The Gap had begun contracting with Mandarin plants in El Salvador in 1992. A worker there was paid approximately 12 cents for assembling a Gap three-quarter sleeves t-shirt or turtle neck, which retailed at about $20 in the United States. Wages at the Mandarin plants averaged 56 cents an hour-a level that was claimed to provide only 80% of the amount neede... ...arin employee who make Gap product. - The Gap should make sure the entire supplier fulfills its sourcing principle and guidelines. The supplier which doesn’t implemented the entire Gap standard and the local government standard, the Gap should avoid doing business with them. - Mandarin International done unethical business by not allowing their employee to make union (fired all the union members) and all the unethical behavior toward the employee. Recommendation - The Gap should choose their supplier carefully and maximize the Gap field representative by put an eyes and do the regular inspection not only when they start the business but always monitoring the working and social condition of the supplier to comply with the Gap code of conduct and also the local government laws. - The Gap representative officer should do the interview without being known by the Mandarin International, so the employee would be freely to speak about what really happened in the factory. - The Gap should give more effort to increase the quality of live their supplier employee which usually in the third world by giving education or other benefit.

Hrm Overnight Tour 2011

PROJECT PROPOSAL I. PROJECT TITLE:â€Å"HRM Overnight Tour 2011† II. PROJECT PROPONENT:BSHRM 4-1 III. PROJECT RATIONALE: The HRM Educational Tour 2011 is open to all HRM and non-HRM students of Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences. It is an experience which will afford students the opportunity to be familiarized with hotel operations, attend seminars, appreciate nature’s beauty and build friendship amongst each other. By attending this tour, student will be able to better understand what’s behind their chosen career/course and experience learning outside the four corners of the room. IV. PROJECT OBJECTIVES: Short-Term Objectives . To introduce the HRM students in learning outside the four corners of the room. 2. To introduce students to the different divisions of the hotel involving administrative and operation functions. 3. To assist students in determining their areas of interest with the wide array of career choices when working for the hotel or the hospitali ty industry in general. 4. To give the students the opportunity to attend seminars and experience hands-on activity. 5. To give the students a chance to appreciate nature’s beauty. 6. To let the students have fun, bond and at the same time build friendship among each other. Long-Term Objectives 1. To help market the school internally and externally. a) Internally – the said educational tour can help market the school, especially to HRM student, because it will leave a lasting impression into the students mind. It will definitely leave an impression that our school doesn’t only offer quality education but also give the students the opportunity to experience learning outside the four corners of the room. b) Externally – because of the lasting impression left into the existing students’ minds, by words of mouth, the students themselves will serve as effective marketing tool. . To contribute to the school’s vision of producing graduates who can compete in industrial and technological skills. V. PROJECT DESCRIPTION: The HRM Educational Tour 2011 is a two-day experience that provides a program consisting of hotel familiarization tour, introduction of the divisions of a hotel, seminar facilitated by departmental trainers of t he hotel, trainings, actual demos, student participation, overnight accommodation at a hotel, environmental appreciation and lastly, recreation. The first stop of the tour is Subic International Hotel where the students will be familiarized with the hotel and trained in the administrative and operational function of the hotel. The training will be facilitated by Departmental Trainers of the hotel who are certified by the Subic International Hotel’s Human Resources Department ensuring that quality training is delivered. The training will include powerpoint presentations, actual demos and student participation. At the end of the training, students will be toured at the back and front areas of the hotel. All the participants will also experience having all their meal, from breakfast to dinner, at the hotel and are free to use the hotel’s swimming pool, mini gym and sauna. The next day, second stop will be at the Subic Ocean Adventure where participant are entitled to a â€Å"Mariners’ Package† where they could enjoy a guided park tour, watch the Dolphin and Sea Lion’s show, visit the Ocean Discovery Aquarium, photo opportunity with the SBMA mascot and lastly, entrance to the Adventure Beach for lunch and a refreshing afternoon swim. After the two days of skill and knowledge enhancing programs, warm accommodating, good food, nature appreciation and recreation at its best, students will definitely say that studying at Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences is the best. VI. PROJECT DURATION: October 1 to October 2, 2011 HRM Overnight Tour 2011 General Schedule of Activities: October 1, 2011 DAY 1 TimeActivity 5:00 – 6:00AM:Registration and Boarding 6:00 – 10:00AM:Trip to Subic International Hotel 10:00 – 10:00 PM:Hotel Tour Training/ Seminar Lunch Accommodation Swimming/Gym/Sauna Dinner 10:00 PM OnwardsSleeping time October 2, 2011 DAY 2 TimeActivity 6:00 – 7:00 AM:Breakfast at Subic International Hotel 7:00 – 8:00 AM:Hotel Check-out 8:00 – 8:30 AM:Trip to Subic Ocean Adventure Theme Park 8:30 – 12:00 NN:Guided park tour and D&SL Show 12:00 – 1:30 PM:Lunch at Adventure Beach 1:30 – 4:30 PM:Enjoyment of the Beach 4:30 – 7:30 PM:Trip back to Antipolo (SCAS) (end of tour) VII. TARGET BENEFICIARIES Target beneficiaries of HRM Educational Tour 2011 includes: HRM students, interested students from other programs and HRM faculty members. We are also inviting old HRM students and even SCAS graduates to join the said tour. We are expecting, at least, fifty (50) participants excluding the *faculty members and non-HRM students/ **outsider/ graduates. *HRM faculty members’ are subject to a twenty percent (20%) discount if the expected numbers of participants are not met. *HRM faculty members’ are free of all charges if the expected numbers of participants are met. **Companion or invited company by students are considered outsider. VIII. PROPOSED BUDGET (for 50 participants) Expenses BudgetPer person charge Transportation P 25,000. 00P 500. 00 / pax Insurance Toll and Parking Subic International Hotel P 127,000. 00P 2,540. 00 / pax Hotel tour Seminars/Training Accommodation Meals (4) -Lunch -Dinner -Breakfast -Lunch Ocean Adventure *Other expenses P 5,000. 00P 100. 00 / pax Tarpaulins Waiver forms Contract signing Paperwork SCAS Certificate *Contingency Fund P 23,000. 00P 460. 00 / pax TOTAL = **P 180,000. 00 **P 3,600. 00 / pax **all income and expenses are subject for auditing. all the excess of the fund will be divided into two (2), half will go to the HRM Society fund while the other half will proceed to the treasury of SCAS or as instructed by the SCAS Accounting Department. IX. MONITORING AND EVALUATION The HRM Educational Tour 2011 will be supervised by the officers of the BSHRM 4-1 Events Committee especially the HRM Department Head, HRM Faculty Members, Event Chairman, Events Finance Officer, Events Marketing Officer and Events Program & Logisti cs Officer. They will make sure that the flow of the activity/program will be safe and properly executed. They will also observe the participation of all the participants in the said tour/event. Also, all the participants and their parent/guardian are required to sign a waiver form declaring that the academe and its management will not be held liable for any untoward incident while the participant is engaged in the said tour. Nonikko Dizon Mendoza President, SCAS HRM Society Chairman, Events Committee CC: President Executive Vice President Dean for Academic Affairs Office of Student Affairs Department Head, HRM Accounting Department

An organizational phenomenon Essays

An organizational phenomenon Essays An organizational phenomenon Essay An organizational phenomenon Essay Performance appraisal in American organizations remains a widespread and common practice despite documented criticism of the process by practitioners and researchers alike. Exhaustive research has been conducted on a range of related topics with limited advances in the understanding and practice of performance appraisal. Lack of efficient ways to evaluate performance appraisal systems within organizations has discouraged advances in theory related to performance appraisal as an organizational phenomenon. However, studying individual variables has proved so inadequate at explaining the intricacies of performance appraisal that researchers are attempting more comprehensive evaluation techniques. Attitudes and perceptions of performance appraisal by participants within the context of the organization in which the process operates are now being conducted. The literature suggests relative agreement regarding the structural and procedural components of a well-designed performance appraisal system. Many organizations have implemented systems which are based on accepted practices and procedures only to have them rejected by the users. Clearly there is more to an effective performance appraisal system than a technically sound rating format and well defined policies and procedures. There is however, no commonly accepted method or efficient approach to evaluating the effectiveness or success of a performance appraisal system based on a set of well-defined variables. Identifying and organizing the most important variables in performance appraisal has proved to be a challenging task to researchers and practitioners. Fairness however, is one variable that has been indicated to be a key component in the ultimate success of performance appraisal systems. Evaluating appraisal systems using a theoretical foundation drawn from organizational justice offers researchers the opportunity to examine how the fairness of different aspects of performance appraisal may affect the ultimate success of such organizational systems. Purpose The purpose of this study was to measure perceptions of fairness of and satisfaction with performance appraisal using Greenbergs hypothesized four-factor of organizational justice as a theoretical framework. Better understanding of the perceptions of the fairness based on the concepts of systemic, configural, informational, and interpersonal justice of performance appraisal and related employee reactions to such systems should provide decision makers with more specific information needed to improve the effectiveness of the system in achieving organizational goals. Multi-item scales based on the research of performance appraisal effectiveness and fairness were utilized to measure individuals perceptions of the extent to which fair processes and interactions are manifested in an organizations performance appraisal system. The second goal of the study was to test the theoretical structure of Greenbergs four- factor model of justice using the scales designed to measure perceptions of fair appraisal practices. The scales were allocated across Greenbergs (1993) taxonomy of justice perceptions that has been proposed to be a theoretical model that best integrates the various justice factors into a single model (Thurston, 2001). The study was conducted in a large state government employment system located in the southern United States in the spring of 2003. Two separate agencies were selected for the study. Both agencies have used the same performance appraisal process since it was introduced as a mandatory requirement by the state civil service management division in 1997. The agencies have significantly different missions and work processes and employ different classifications of employees; one is predominantly technical and scientific with many professional and clerical positions while the other is a health care provider. The oversight for the statewide performance appraisal system is maintained by the central civil service management department but each individual organization is responsible for implementing the system. The only measurement of the performance appraisal system to this point has been the determination of the rate of usage of the system.

Political Philosophy essays

Political Philosophy essays I am not impressed with Socrates arguments of the Laws, particularly the contract argument. While it is true that there is a certain type of obligation, or contract present between a citizen and the state in which he is a part of, that does not give the state the right to wrong him and treat him unfairly, which was clearly the case in this situation. The city wronged me, and its decision was not right, (26). Socrates obviously believes this and he should in turn fight this injustice. Despite the fact that the contract or obligation forces him to obey the laws of Athens, he should also have an obligation to himself and his believed rights as a human being. A contract works both ways even though throughout his life Socrates has indulged in all the advantages of Athenian citizenship he has also done his part and been a model, if not exemplary citizen of the state of Athens. He has done a great deal for the intellectual and cultural life of Athens and deserves a great deal of respect and gratitude from the state. Athens may have given him a great deal during his life, but does that then give them the right to take away the two most important things to him, his life and his freedom? In escaping, Socrates would violate the laws of Athens, while doing injustice to it. However, in its decision concerning the life of Socrates, Athens has also done him an injustice. Laws are not always fair and in certain circumstances they must be challenged and fought against. If no one ever questioned a law then they could never be changed or modified. Society needs to continually evolve and progress. Changing laws that are unjust ensures this development. If laws were never challenged then society would still be sustained by laws and regulations that are clearly outdated and completely irrelevant to the current time. Socrates must live, if not for himself and his friends, ...

Developing an Evaluation Plan and Disseminating Results Essay

Developing an Evaluation Plan and Disseminating Results - Essay Example Because these values are distinct, indivisible amounts, the random variable is discrete. This samples should be a large sample size that allows for ample amount of calculations to point root error. This can be used for instance to detect the level of toxic in a blood sample. The second step is explore, in which data sampling must be visualized. In a disease management policies, this is utilized to explore the correlation of measles per vaccine. This is one of the variables that must be implemented. The third step is modify in which methods of rectification for data purposes are examined. Conducive research indicates that clinical interviews can be good enough to meet third-party diagnostic requirements for the purpose of reimbursement. The fourth step is modeling in which data mining is utilize in various ways. Since testing is one of those elements that is highly standardized, it reduces the faculty time of grading and evaluating which can be time consuming. However, one cannot refute the fact that mentoring and collaboration is also a valid assessment that demonstrates proficiency in the medical field. The last step is assessment, in which these samples are utilized to make sure that conclusions are

MANAGING INNOVATION AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP (Take home exam) Essay

MANAGING INNOVATION AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP (Take home exam) - Essay Example If these are not that effective, then entrepreneurs must have stopped using them for years. According to Porter’s five forces model, there are potential entrants that are able to play as relevant industry competitors. These new entrants are also capable of forming innovation and even imitation. China for instance is known for its low-cost products that at some point similar to existing offerings, which makes imitation not that impossible to take place. Thus, it would make sense that in order to prevent others from imitating a product; barriers to potential entrants should be made. According to Porter, barriers to entry includes economies of scale, product differentiation, capital requirements, switching costs, access to distribution channels, cost disadvantages independent of scale and government policy. We have been immersed mostly in the concepts of economies of scale and product differentiation so I would like to focus on these two as important barriers to innovation, as based on Porter’s five forces model. The economies of scale would force the entrant to face two undesirable options: come in at large scale and risk strong reaction from existing firms; choose small scale and accept cost disadvantage. In either of these choices, a new entrant needs to take the risk of losing his chance to successfully penetrate into the market. The other potential barrier to new entrant is product differentiation. Firms that already have brand identification and customer loyalties are hard to beat. Therefore, firms should therefore increase advertising, customer service, product differences and be the first into the industry in order to prevent potential entrants. Product differentiation therefore could at some point be highly associated with economies of learning, production techniques, production design and more, just to be able to create one-of-a-kind product that could bring competitive advantage and

The Definition and Criticism of an Insanity Defense Essay - 1

The Definition and Criticism of an Insanity Defense - Essay Example Very few people plead insanity though and among those who plead it, a very minor part wins the plea. An important point here is people acquitted under insanity defense are seldom allowed to walk free. In almost all cases, the acquitted people are allowed to go to treatment centers and kept there until mental health officials determine they do not pose a danger to anyone. Criticism to insanity defense is a common phenomenon. Critics argue that some defendants misuse insanity defense, effectively faking insanity to win acquittals or less severe convictions. And often the trials involving an insanity defense get the most attention because they involve crimes that are peculiar within themselves. Nevertheless, studies suggest the overwhelming majority of defendants acquitted by reason of insanity suffer from schizophrenia or some other mental illness (Fersch, 2005). There could be several reasons for criticizing the insanity defense, including political, legal as well as humanistic. In USA, for instance, the insanity defense received harsh public criticism when, after the 1981 assassination attempt on Ronald Reagan by John Hinckley Jr., Hinckley was found not guilty by reason of insanity. Lot of people argues argued that his premeditation of the crime was undeniable proof of his sanity. Public criticism of the insanity defense has continued to grow with each high profile case. In conclusion, insanity plea is a poor excuse for serious lawbreaking, and should not ideally influence or ease the punishment. In a majority of criminal cases, especially murder trials, an insanity plea is used as a defense strategy aimed at saving guilty defendants from death penalty or serving time in prison. The accused usually pretend to be mentally ill and their lawyers use this as a way to confuse jury and influence their judgment. And then most of the accused, by reason of insanity,

Folk Songs of the Han Essay Example for Free

Folk Songs of the Han Essay Introduction Of the one billion people in China, over 93% belong to the Han nationality. Consequently,the Chinese cultureto which most scholarsrefer is usually the Han culture. However, within the Han Chinese culturethere are differences in custom, dialect, etc. , due to historical events and geographic conditions. Chinese ethnomusicologists in recent years have developed the study of Han Chinese folk songs based upon geographic factors and have labelled this study Music Geography. According to Miao Jing and Qiao Jianzhong, two prominent ethnomusicologists advocating this new approach,there are as many as eleven culture areas (which they call similarcolor areas)of Han Chinese folk songs (1987: 58-61): 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) P Northeastern lain P Northwestern lain JiangHuai Plateau(northern iangsuand northern nhui) J A Zhe Plain (southernJiangsu,southernAnhui, Zhejiang) Jiang Min Tai (FujianandTaiwan) Yue (Guangdong) JiangHan Plain (Hubei, southernHenan) Xiang (Hunan) Gan (Jiangxi) Southwestern lateau P Kejia (Hakkapeople of variousplaces). With the exception of the last-namedgroup (which is a widely-distributed a sub-culture) ll the above divisions arebased upon geographicfactors. In the broadergeographicview, the Han Chinese culture may also be divided into northernand southernstyles, each of which is associated with one of the two majorrivers of China,the HuangHe (Yellow River) of This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 108 Asian Music, Spring/Summer 989 1 the north and the Chang Jiang (Long River, also known as the Yangzi River) of the south. It is commonly assumedthatthe HuangHe basin is the cradleof Chinesecivilization. However,recentstudies (such as Miao 1988: 1) indicatethatotherriver basins have contributed qually to the shapingof e Chinese civilization. Among them is the ChangJiangbasin, which is early t certainlyof equal importance o the HuangHe. Anothersystem for classifying folk songs is by type, of which haozi (worksongs), shange (mountainsongs), and xiaodiao (lyric songs) dominate. I propose to examine both systems, in sequence, in order to obtain as wide a perspectiveas possible on Han folk songs. Differences between Northern and Southern Folk Songs To the thinking of Miao Jing and Qiao Jianzhong (1987: 59), the division of Han Chinese folk songs into northern and southern styles follows other aspects of Chinese culture closely. In this division, environmentis seen as playing a significantrole. The HuangHe basin is a cold, dry and windy areawhere the main agricultural roductis wheat. The p lower basin is frequently flooded. The rugged, intense and disjunct characteristicsof the folk songs can be explained by the realities of life on the basin. The Chang Jiangbasin, on the other hand, has mild weatherand much rain. Rice is the main agriculturalproduct. Life is easier for these people and, therefore,the folk songs of this region tend to be more lyrical, gentle and conjunct. There are many rain-evokingsongs in the Huang He area, but there are none in the Chang Jiang area because there is adequate rain for the crops. As a second geographicaspect, local customs are also importantin the formation of folk songs. For instance, in ancient times, people of the Chang Jiang were spirit worshippers. There are still many funeral songs preserved, such as beatingthe corpsesongs, piety songs, and gongs and drumsof Hell. However, in the HuangHe area,it is not the custom to sing when a man dies and funeral songs are absent (Miao 1988: 5-10). Thus, o both environmentand customs determinethe functionandcharacteristics f folk songs. The following is a summary of Han Chinese folk song d characteristicsbased upon their northern-southern ivisions. It should be This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Han Kuo-Huang: Han Folk Songs 109 noted that most of these features apply primarily to the xiaodiao (lyric songs),one of the threetypes mentionedabove. Scales and Modes. In general, the Huang He area uses either 7-tone or 6-tone scales. The most popularmodes are the zhi (sol-re), followed in order by shang (re-la), gong (do-sol) and yu (la-mi). (See Appendix for explanation of modes. ) However, in the middle and upper basins of the Huang He area, the shang mode is particularlyfavored. The ChangJiang area,on the otherhand, most commonly uses 5-tone or 4-tone scales. The most popularmode is also the zhi, followed in orderby gong, yu, shang, and jiao. The yu mode is especially popular in Yunnan province. Melodic Progression. The melody of the Huang He area tends to be more angularthan others in shape and moves in disjunct movement. One characteristic f the intervallicemphasis,especially in the o upper Huang He basin, is the 4th-2nd-4th progression, such as gl-c2-gl. This is relatedto the accentof the dialect (Du 1983: 68). The tessituraof all folk songs of this northernarea tends to be high. Melody in the Chang Jiang areatends to be smooth and curvedin shape, and moves in relatively conjunctmotion. The consecutive use of 3rds and 5ths is frequent. When there is a skip larger than a 5th, the melody returnsimmediately in the opposite direction. For example when el jumps to c2, it turns back downwardto al, or passes throughbl to al (Jiang 1983: 77). The tessitura of the folk songs of this areatends to be in the mediumrange. Musical Form, Strophic form is common to most Han Chinese folk songs belonging to the shange and xiaodiao categories, but the use of refrain is not as prominent as in the Western world. In the Huang He area, xiaodiao usually have four phrases while shange are of two phrases. Phrases are normally of equal length. In the e four-phrasestructure, ach phraseor each half phraseis usually set to seven words. In the Chang Jiang area, both lyric songs and mountainsongs use a four-phrasestructure, gain with phrasesof equal length. In the lyric a song type, each phrase,or half phrase,is usually set to five words. In the case of the four-phrasestructure, elodies follow the typical m old sequence qi (opening), cheng (inheriting), zhuan (turning), and he (closing), which is an organizational concept borrowed from Chinese This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 110 Asian Music, Spring/Summer 989 1 literature. The qi phrase presents the first statementand the chen phrase complements it. The zhuan phrase marks a departurefrom the general movement of the previous phrases, and the he phraseconcludes the piece. This kind of structure s especially clear in the xiaodiao of the lower Chang i Jiang basin. Of course, this form is very generaland thereare exceptions. a Example 1, Xiu Hebao (Embroidering Pouch), is a love song from northern Shanxi province (Zhongguo Minge Xuan 1980: 217). It represents the northernstyle of folk song. The words are about a young girl thinking of her lover while embroidering a pouch for him. (Embroidered pouches were a popular handicraft for women in rural China. ) The scale of this piece is pentatonicand the mode is shang, dI (re) being the final. The appearanceof d2-g2 (m. 1), d2-g2 (m. 2-3), g2-d2 (m. 3), al-d2_g2-d2 (m. 5-6), and gl-c2 (m. 6-7) are clear examples of the emphases on the interval of a 4th, a typical feature of northernfolk song. Consequently, the melodic contour tends to be angular. The form is strophic in two-phrases, each phrase having four measures. There are generally five words to each half phrase, except for occasional short additions,such as at the beginningof the second phrase(m.5-6). Vocables are enclosed in parentheses. The ending notes on half phrases, d2 (m. 2) and gl (m. 6) , the half cadence of gl (m. 4), and cadence of d1 (m. 8) give the piece a solid feeling in the shangmode. Example 2, Meng Jiang Nil (The Eldest Daughter of the Jiang Family), on the other hand, shows typical features of the southern style (ZhongguoMingeXuan 1980: 155). The melody of this extremelypopular folk song is found in many parts of China, though often with different texts. The text given here is from the best-known version of Jiangsu province (lower Chang Jiang basin). The subject is a lament of the eldest daughterof the Jiang family for her husbandwho was draftedby the Qin Emperor(reigned 221-210 B. C. ) to build the GreatWall. The scale of the piece is pentatonicand the mode is zhi, the final being b (sol). The melody moves generally in a smooth contour utilizing essentially step-wise movement. Consequently,with the exception of m. 5 and m. 6, the general tendency of the melody is gently curved ratherthan angular. The form is a typical four-phrasestrophic structure,each phrase having two measures. These four phrasesfollow the qi, cheng, zhuan, and he sequence mentioned above. This is especially clear at the phrase This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Han Kuo-Huang: Han Folk Songs Example1 Xiu Hebao 111 (Shanxiprovince) r36 rIs ML i -s. t If ,. . .E eu3 i ~M a? ~L~. i * _k A5 I ~ R~ r # w oA M. I Zf, T t. it ME a t ge- ?18 g: ; a~i i jjM. 9 7k ,4 4t ~I )a i -) †¢ . Al. A aAl Y. Y L . + ID I*. . . 1. When the moon is high and bright,fifteenthis the day; And when the springwind blows willows will swing and sway. 2. Blossoms bloom in March,a lettercomes to me. It was from my only love, asking for a pouch made by me. 3. FirstI embroidered little boat with a sail to see. a And if he sees the sail, hell come sailing to me. 4. Then I embroidered ome love birds;they swam all over the sea. s They stayedtogetherandwere as close as could be. 5. He is young and strong;Im like a blossoming flower. And when he finds the pouch, hell come back for me. a (Text translated nd adapted y RebeccaSchwan) b This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 112 1 Asian Music, Spring/Summer 989 Example2 Meng Jiang Nii (Jiangsuprovince) SIr tr =I I i ~ Li7T i4 *. †¢ .. iE ,- A =. F 6. t MY Ii , * -lI* f†¢ A, 0 1- A r. -t:x A ). L : 5? .- , p r, 1 bC? il ~ †¢* wAaa o . 0 I i. ti. ?T 1 1 fF tt ff t. †¢ t†¢ i ii Bi i t†¢ †¢ n n ! # ? N g 7t i E P m * 0 at t , 5 ~ †¢4 *. 1 w †¢. a h t,o~. †¢r. /4 i t; R . OE ( †¢ 1 . momI I mEI †¢ †¢. I; :W IKE u a3R a S T,~i~r9-k ARcF. t ~ Ar T ~) f UT 5 3L; ok p * ? B ~1 iC f t , _ I ~7(†¢ * ( * r; i J+ †¢. †¢ ; 1 E , I A 4 ff~IBR * rK tAf†¢ tI†¢. a . n ai . P -A rL f e p- C _. †¢. †¢ * a. ;, PQ kfr t. . Ik †¢ †¢ a Es a a , . a it n I †¢_ i ol i 11 4 21t,†¢. . I. †¢ 1. Plum flowers at New Year bringNew Spring, Red lamps are lit at every door. Everyfamily is complete. But my own husbandhas gone to build the wall. 12. it Plum flowers again appearat eve of New Year. g Every home has abundant ood cheer. All preparefor the feast fatedpork andmutton. Meng ChiangNii all alone weeps in bitterness. (Text translated y Bliss WiantandtakenfromWiant 1947: 37). b This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Han Kuo-Huang: Han Folk Songs 113 cadences of f# (m. 2), b (m. 4), c#1 (m. 6) and b (m. 8). B (sol) and f# (re) are the most importanttones of the mode. There are twelve stanzas. Each half phraseis set to seven words. The text of each stanzabegins with the name of a month. This is a typical featureof xiaodiao, as we shall see laterin the descriptionof this genre. Classification of Folk Song by Type Most Chinese ethnomusicologists (such as Jiang 1982: passim) follow a three-fold classification system for Han Chinese folk songs; namely haozi (work songs), shange (mountainsongs), and xiaodiao (lyric songs). Each type may furtherbe divided into sub-types. Haozi (Work Songs) The Chinese name for this category, haozi, means crying or a shouting, n indicationof its origins in labor. The functionof this type of is to accompanywork or to relieve hardshipduringwork. Most work song songs feature strong rhythms, and for each a basic rhythmic pattern underlies the entire piece. This is true of the work songs of any people in the world. Melodic materialis ratherlimited and ostinato used frequently. Work songs are exclusively vocal and the rangeis normallywide. Texts are not organized in any established poetic form and there are numerous vocables used. Solo, unison, duet and call-and-response are typical mannersof performanceaccording to specific working conditions. There are five sub-typesof work songs: 1. Transporting Songs. This sub-type refers to songs sung by laborers who carry, drag, or push a heavy load. Due to the extreme a physical requirements ssociatedwith these activities, most of the songs are short and sung in loud voices. Example3 is the beginningof a transporting song from Hangzhouin Zhejiangprovince. It is sung by portersin the style of call (m. 1, 3, 5, ) and response (m. 2, 4, 6, ). The scale is pentatonicand the rangewithin one octave. The mode appearsto be yu (lami). 1 This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions. 114 Asian Music, Spring/Summer 989 1 Example3 UntitledTransporting ong S call (Zhejiangprovince) etc. re! LpqAQ 4 ~4? _c etc. 0 2. ConstructionSongs. This sub-type is sung when workers are building a house or road, digging a canal, gatheringstones, cutting wood, hammering a pole, etc. It requires unified rhythms because of the group action involved in working, and is also often sung in call-and-response style. The vocal range is usually wide. Example 4 is a dike-buildingsong from Hubei province sung in call (m. 1-2, 5-6) and response (m. 3-4, 7-) (Jiang 1982: 73). 2 The melody is pentatonic in the zhi mode (sol-re). Note the wide range in the first measure. The vocables are shown in parentheses. Example4 Dae Ge, Dike-buildingSong (Hubeiprovince) res ;b ~ ,-_ -, s . , t l Ii. twit o #I C),v0 IL i4.? t ( Pomegranates ai) blossom (lie) (ya wei yi a ye a ye), Leaves are green (lie ya a ye), (a ye a ye ye a ye), Leaves are green (ye a a ye). (Translated y the author) b This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1? Vj iC) Han Kuo-Huang: Han Folk Songs 115 3. FarmingSongs. Not all farmingactivitiesrequiresinging. The sub-typereferredto here includes group-activitysongs sung while pumping water, threshing grain, etc. Since the physical burdenis lighter than that associated with previous sub-types, the songs take on a character of entertainment. In fact, some farming songs are close to the shange category. Example 5 is a water-pumping song from Jiangsu province (Jiang 1982: 76). It is in pentatonic scale, shang mode (re-la). The vocables (shown in parentheses) are more prominent than the text. The mood is light, and the entertainingnatureof the song includes the use of a percussioninterlude(m.11-12). Example5 ShuicheHaozi, Water-pumping ong s -WWI k, I.. .. . _. -P- br. . (Jiangsuprovince) (Ai ya ha ai ya ai he he ai ai ya) Xue Rengui (ya) sails the seas conquering(yo de) the East (a ai ya li he). (Translated y the author) b 4. Sailing and Fishing Songs. Sailing and fishing songs are more complicated in form and content than the above sub-types. In the sailing sub-type, working conditions change according to water currents and weather conditions; the music changes accordingly. Many songs are constructed in suite style (i. e. , multi-sectional) which are long and elaborate. Call-and-responses a frequently-used echnique. i t 5. Miscellaneous Songs. Work songs which do not belong to the above sub-typesare includedhere. They can be sung by workersin the salt This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 116 1 Asian Music, Spring/Summer 989 field, by woodcutters, and by weavers, etc. The characteristicsof their songs vary accordingto each type of work. Shange (Mountain Songs) The term shange (mountainsongs) does not mean thatthe songs are necessarily sung in the mountains. The term should be understoodto mean songs sung in an open area, which may be near a mountainor in an open field. Some shange are sung while working, but the associated physical requirementis usually minimal. Thus, they are not included in the haozi category. Examples of these work songs are herding songs and field songs. These will be mentionedlater. In general,shange are freerin rhythmand higherin pitch thanhaozi or xiaodiao. Texts are improvisedto a great extent. Vocables and falsetto a are used frequentlywhich, along with the precedingtwo characteristics, re due mostly to the outdoor environment in which they are sung. Shange may begin and end with a high and long fermata,developed from shouting to get attentionin the outdoorenvironment. The alternating tyle of singing s is a favoritemethodsince many shangeinvolve love themes sung between a man and a woman. The musical form of shange can be in two, four, or even five phrases with insertions of extra sections in the set structurebeing frequent due to its improvisednature. There are three sub-typesof shange: general, herdingand field songs. 1. General Songs. Most songs which belong to this sub-type are lyrical songs with a love subject, and are expressive of the singers thoughts. They are not related to working conditions. There are more shange in this category than the other two sub-types. General moutain songs can be found in many parts of China and are identified by different names. Those found in the Northwest and North ( i. e. , Upper and Central Huang He basin) have special names such as xintianyou (sing as you like),pashan diao (climbmountaintune),huaer (flower song);those found in the south (i. e. , Chang Jiang basin and Taiwan) are simply called shange. This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions. Han Kuo-Huang: Han Folk Songs 117 Example 6, Lan Huahua, is a xintianyou shange from the northern of Shaanxiprovinceand is one of the most famous of northern hinese C part songs. The text mentions the unhappy marriage arrangements of the peasant girl, Lan Huahua,in ruralChina. The melody is pentatonic,in the yu mode and the structureis in two phrases, both ending on gl (la). The high cry in the beginning, notated as a high-pitched fermatain m. 2, is a typical feature of the shange. The tessitura is generally high and the direction of the melody at the end moves from high to low. This song is lyrical in nature,with a rhythmthat is freer, when sung, than the notation indicates (ZhongguoMinge Xuan 1980: 168). Example 7, Ge Youmai (Wheat Cutting), is a shange from Shaanxi province in northernChina. This is a good example of the use of insertions in shange. In its original form, it is a simple two-phrasepiece, with each phrasehaving four measures(7-a). Due to the insertions(7-b, m. 3-4, 8-11)and slight alterations(7-b, m. 2, 13), it is expandedinto a longer piece, but is still in two phrases (Jiang 1982: 128-129). The piece is pentatonic in zhi mode. Its generally high tessitura, conjunct melodic movement, and emphasison the intervalof a 4th (7-b, m. 1, 7) are typical of the northernstyle. The fermatain m. 1 is also a featureof the shange, and the entire piece has several others as well. There are suggestions of a love theme in the text. This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 118 Asian Music, Spring/Summer 989 1 Example6 Lan Huahua (Shaanxiprovince) _ F- 1 F. a l * . Ti !; i !. _ E~ 7E* 1 1 rF s f, IA in,* J o 1f1 A 7ft . 1, I .. N;. .. 5. f *E T op/ . iv . T t x m. †¢ 1 1-1 i 4v IT I X. AI a A I E T1 4. IT La t +Ix *. * *m , m †¢ ji 8 114 †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ , ! †¢ 1In 1f f , LI . r.. q I. 00 _i __ MR -MI , PSI $ 1. Threadsof black and threadsof blue, bluerthanthe sky. Sewed for baby Lan Huahua,apple of her motherseye. 2. Shooting up like the sorghumtall, beautybringsher fame. In every village in the land, everybodyknows her name. 3. New Year broughtthe matchmaker, ixed the bridegrooms f price. After the paymentsmade in March,in April shellbecome his wife. 4. Wedding music fills the air, drumsand whistles sound. She is tornfrom her own truelove andcarriedto the Zhou compound. (English text from Mai 1984: 19-20, first four verses) This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Han Kuo-Huang: Han Folk Songs Example7 Ge Youmai 119 (Shanxiprovince) 7-a IF I r AZK r I3 W I / ((I*I 41 IU~p r a I 1117RR I .16 v ~U~114 7. i r I a (-Ia. I ) *2I. II~ 7-a Brotheris cuttingwheatin the mountain. Sister is digging herbmedicine in the swamp. 7-b Brotheris up in the mountain(si lo) (si lo) cuttingwheat. Little sisteris in the swamp,in the ditch, at the divergingroad (ge beng) (ge beng) digging the herbmedicine (a mo) beloved. (Translated y the author) b 2. Herding Songs. Herding songs are sung mainly by boys in the field. Some include passages which call the herds, while working others are sung in question-answerstyle between two boys. Most herding songs are simple and free in structure. In fact, some are very simple childrens songs. 3. Field Songs. Songs which belong to this sub-type are sung in the rice fields while plantingseeds, tilling soil, etc. , to promote enthusiasm andrelease tension. It is said thatat one time specializedtroupeswere hired to sing in the fields (Jiang 1982: 162). However, since these songs are not. This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 120 Asian Music, Spring/Summer 989 1 restrictedby working conditions and are somewhat entertainingin nature, they are not considered to be haozi; and some fit more closely into the xiaodiao category. Field songs are sung in a high voice, often with falsetto. The melodies tend to be long and the rhythmsfree, which are typical featuresof shange. However, the natureof the field songs is more complex because they are sung in call-and-responsewith ostinato, which are features of the haozi. As Jiang Mingdun states, field songs are basedon the shange but mixed with elements of haozi and xiaodiao( 1982: 164). Xiaodiao (Lyric Songs) Xiaodiao (or xiaoqu ) means little tune. There is no acccurate translationfor this term, though it can be translatedas popular song, folk tune, folk song, lyric song, folk melody, etc. (Witzleben 1988: 11. ). Comparedto the above-mentionedgenres, the melody of xiaodiao is more r lyrical, the rhythmmore static,and the formalstructure elativelyclear. The text is not improvised as it is in the haozi or shange, and vocables, if used, i areintegrated nto the text. One source (Sung 1979: 201-245) divides xiaodiao into the following sub-types: lyric songs, humorous songs, childrens songs and customs songs, (i. e. , songs sung at weddings, funerals, etc. ). However, since this paper follows the outline of Jiang Mingduns book, his subdivision system is used. 1. Narrative Songs. The Chinese name for this sub-type, means narrative inging tune. This group includes songs yinchang diao, s that are somewhatfunctionalin nature. The generalorientationis narrative as opposed to lyrical ( i. e. , closer to the spoken language), and their structures are also comparatively less complex. Examples include childrens songs, lullabies, funeral songs, recitation of poems, vendors songs and customs songs, etc. 3 The Chinese term of this sub-type, yaoqu is 2. Little Songs. difficult to translate. Yaoalone means song;however, the translation here simply denotes its short length and simple structure. These are songs sung in daily life, but they are not as directly associated with specific This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Han Kuo-Huang: Han Folk Songs 121 functions as are the narrative ongs. Phrasesare more balancedin structure s but are nevertheless short. The vocal range is narrow and the rhythm simple. Examples include laborers songs, womens laments, gameplaying songs, and even some love songs. Love songs, however, are usually assigned to the popularsong sub-typediscussed below. 3. PopularSongs. The Chinese term shidiao can be translatedas seasontune. Althoughthe translationpopular ongmay mislead people s to associate these songs with currentpop songs, it nevertheless denotes a sense of popularityamongpeople, and is useful. Songs of this sub-typeare a sung mainly for entertainment t home, in teahouses, in cities, and in rural areas. The singers may be either amateursor professionals. All of the songs discussed until this point are sung by their creators. The popular song sub-type, on the other hand, is generally sung by entertainers. Instrumentalaccompanimentis added to these songs in most cases. Folk songs of this type are clearly the most numerous. Most of the folk songs known to the people of China (and throughoutthe world) belong to this sub-type. They are, in fact, considered to be at the heart of Han Chinese folk songs. The musical form of most popular songs follows the two or four equal phrase structure. In the case of the four-phrase structure,the qi, cheng, zhuan, and he sequenceis followed. Generally,each phraseis set to seven words, excluding vocables. Many popularsong texts are organized in sets of four, five or twelve stanzasin orderto representthe four seasons, five evening hour markings and the twelve months, respectively. Each stanza of text begins with a season, an hour marking,or a month. Due to the wide popularity of these songs, the same melody sometimes has different texts, and the same title may have differentmelodies. Two good examples of this sub-type have been presented above as examples of the northernand southernstyles Xiu Hebao (Example 1), and Meng Jiang Nii (Example 2). This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1 Asian Music, Spring/Summer 989 122 LiuyueMoli Example8 (Taiwan) k, A s i wIo 5 65 i 2†¢3 5. 6, . O T ii E TET ttft ktf k li A 1 i 5 61 I I I 2 I 3 / 2161 6I I , 6 †¢i I 5 .23253-. 76i5-. iPM I 4 -4 T A AA AC 4 r t/JP) ~ -A aK, Ifr. O A t f P-ai 04 9) v QA A 04 0 oqw 04) HF If) f b a) ? 1F A A -9x ~ 4-: A A Ai -. g~qjg*~ P e~ f 1. Whitejasmine flowers of the sixth moon arefair, And theresa young lad whos noble and fine. Lovely flowers rarelyever grow all alone; Fair lonely lass can be sad, so sad. 2. Whitejasmine flowers of the sixth Moon are fair, Lovely lass has never been found. Flowers andlasses shouldnever be alone; Sad is the lovely lass whos never, never found. 3. Whitejasmine flowers of the sixth Moon are fair, Lasses alone are sorryand sad. Lovely flowers should be blooming side by side, When will the lass be found andnever be alone? a (Firstthreeverses translated nd adaptedby Rebecca Schwan. ) This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Han Kuo-Huang: Han Folk Songs 123 Example 8, LiuyueMoli (JasmineFlowers in the Sixth Moon)is anothergood example of a popularsong. This piece is from Taiwan and is in the southern style (Jian 1984: 50). The text speaks of a girl who compares herself to pretty jasmine flowers, and longs for a lover. The sixth moon refers to the sixth month of the lunar calendar. With the exception of a leap of a 6th (m. 2-3), the melody moves smoothly in conjunct movement with many intervalsof a 3rd. It is in pentatonicscale, zhi mode, the final being gl (sol). The form is in four equal phrases,each having four measures,and it fits the qi, cheng, zhuan,he sequence. The el (mi) pitch at the end of the thirdphraseis tonally far away from gl (sol) at the very end hence, its functionis zhuan(turning). he ending pitch of T the first phrase, d2 (re), on the other hand, is closely related to gl (sol). There are seven words in each half phrase, with some vocables at the end (shown in parentheses). Conclusion We have observed the possibility of seeing Han Chinese folk songs in terms of north-south divisions. From this perspective, it seems that geographicalfactors have influenced the characteristicsof folk songs. We have also seen the classification of folk songs by type, involving three majorcategories and their sub-types. It is importantto note thatwhile folk songs such as the xiaodiao (lyric songs) are encountered frequently in China, there are also haozi (work songs) and shange (mountain songs) which are relatively unknown outside of China. It is hoped that this introductionwill lead to more thoroughinvestigationsof this subjectin the Westernworld. This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 124 Asian Music, Spring/Summer 989 1 Notes 1 This song was transcribed y the authorfrom the recording, Behind b the GreatWall (MonitorRecordsMP 525), Side A, Band 2. The cut fades out graduallywithout a final pitch. It is only assumed to be in the yu mode from the general melodic movement. The same recordingfeatures several good work song examples and an excellent example of the sailing song subtype. 2 m Due to difficultiesin reproduction, usicalexamples takenfrom Jiang Mingdunsbook are recopied by the author. It seems contradictoryto include non-lyrical and functional songs here, but the author follows Jiangs theory. The same contradictory situationexists in the next sub-type. 3 This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Han Kuo-Huang: Han Folk Songs 125 Appendix: Scales and Modes of Han Chinese Music The Chinese names for pitches, scales and modes are summarized here accordingto the system establishedby Li Yinghai (1981: 11). Since he discusses only pentatonic scales, other scales will be omitted. Pitches denote relative ratherthan absolute values. The first note of each series is the name of the mode. Gong Gong Shang JiaoZhi Yu Gong Shang JiaoZhi n Shang n Jiao A -n vu1 U Q This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Yu 1 AsianMusic,Spring/Summer 989 126 Glossary of Selected Terms ChangJiang l pashandiao fR Lbi †¢ , qi cheng u GeYoumai shang gong shange Han shidiao haozi , he huaer xiaodiao T- j xiaoqu iU ~ xintianyou HuangHe XiuHebao jiao yaoqu LanHuahua yinchangdiao t7 , †¢ M Liuyue oli MengJiangNii # j t I~0 yu zhi zhuan Authors Names Du Yaxiong MiaoJing Jia.